Method for forming a storage cell capacitor compatible with high dielectric constant materials

ABSTRACT

The invention is a storage cell capacitor having a storage node electrode comprising a barrier layer interposed between a conductive plug and an oxidation resistant layer. A thick insulative layer protects the sidewall of the barrier layer during the deposition and anneal of a dielectric layer having a high dielectric constant 
     The method comprises forming the conductive plug in a thick layer of insulative material such as oxide or oxide/nitride. The conductive plug is recessed from a planarized top surface of the thick insulative layer. The barrier layer is formed in the recess and the top surface of the barrier layer is recessed below the top surface of the oxide or oxide/nitride layer. The process continued with a formation of an oxidation resistant conductive layer and the deposition of a further oxide layer to fill remaining portions of the recess. The oxidation resistant conductive layer is planarized to expose the oxide or oxide/nitride layer and the oxide layers are then etched to expose the top surface and vertical portions of the oxidation resistant conductive layer. 
     Next a dielectric layer having a high dielectric constant is formed to overlie the storage node electrode and a cell plate electrode is fabricated to overlie the dielectric layer.

This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 08/572,392 filed Dec. 14, 1995 now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,030,847 which is a continuation in part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/390,336 filed Feb. 17, 1995 now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,772 which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/044,331 filed Apr. 2, 1993 now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention pertains to semiconductor technology, and more particularly to storage cell capacitors for use in dynamic random access memories.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

As memory devices become more dense it is necessary to decrease the size of circuit components. One way to retain the storage capacity of a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device and decrease its size is to increase the dielectric constant of the dielectric layer of the storage cell capacitor. In order to achieve the charge storage efficiency needed in 256 megabit(Mb) memories and above, materials having a high dielectric constant, typically greater than 50, can be used as the dielectric layer to insulate the storage node electrode and cell plate electrode of the storage cell capacitor one from the other. A dielectric constant is a value characteristic of a material and is proportional to the amount of charge that can be stored in the material when it is interposed between two electrodes. Ba_(x)Sr_((1-x))TiO₃ [BST], BaTiO₃, SrTiO₃, PbTiO₃, Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ [PZT], (Pb,La) (Zr,Ti)O₃ [PLZT], (Pb,La)TiO₃ [PLT], KNO₃, and LiNbO₃ are among some of the high dielectric constant materials that can be used in this application. These materials have dielectric constant values above 50 and will likely replace the standard Si₃N₄, SiO₂/Si₃N₄, Si₃N₄/SiO₂, or SiO₂/Si₃N₄/SiO₂ composite films used in 256 kilobits (Kb) to 64 megabits (Mb) generations of DRAMs. Si₃N₄ and SiO₂/Si₃N₄ composite films have dielectric constant values of 7 or less. The storage node and cell plate electrodes are also referred to as first and second electrodes.

Unfortunately BST is incompatible with existing processes and can not be simply deposited on a polysilicon electrode as was the case for the lower dielectric constant materials, such as Si₃N₄ and SiO₂/Si₃N₄ composite layers. In the storage cell capacitor incorporating BST, described in the IDEM-91 article entitled, A STACKED CAPACITOR WITH (Ba_(x)Sr_(1-x))TiO₃ FOR 256 M DRAM by Koyama et al., the storage node electrode typically comprises a layer of platinum overlying a tantalum layer which, in turn, overlies a polysilicon plug. Platinum is used as the upper portion of the first electrode since it will not oxidize during a BST deposition or subsequent anneal. An electrode that oxidizes would have a low dielectric constant film below the BST, thereby negating the advantages provided by the high dielectric constant material. The tantalum layer is introduced to avoid Si and Pt inter-diffusion and to prevent the formation of SiO₂ on top of the platinum surface. In addition, the platinum protects the top surface of the tantalum from strong oxidizing conditions during the BST deposition. FIG. 1 depicts the stacked storage node electrode comprising tantalum 1, platinum 2 (Ta/Pt) overlying the polysilicon plug 3.

However, the sidewalls 4 of the tantalum 1 formed during this process are subject to oxidation during the subsequent deposition of the BST layer. Since the tantalum 1 oxidizes the polysilicon plug 3 is also susceptible to oxidation. When portions of the polysilicon plug 3 and tantalum 1 are consumed by oxidation the capacitance of the storage cell capacitor is decreased since the storage node electrode is partially covered by a low dielectric constant film. Therefore the memory device cannot be made as dense. In addition, the storage node contact resistance increases drastically.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

An object of the invention is to increase density of a memory device by increasing capacitance of storage cell capacitors. The storage cell capacitor of the invention features a storage node electrode having a barrier layer of tantalum or another material which experiences no oxidation during the formation of the storage cell capacitor. The barrier layer is interposed between a conductive plug and a non-oxidizing conductive material such as platinum. A dielectric layer, typically Ba_(x)Sr_((1-x))TiO₃ [BST], is deposited on the non-oxidizing material. The barrier layer is surrounded on its sides by an insulative layer.

The insulative layer protects the barrier layer from oxidizing during the deposition and anneal of the BST thereby also eliminating oxidization of the conductive plug. By eliminating oxidization of the barrier layer and the conductive plug capacitance is maximized.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is a storage node capacitor having a storage node electrode comprising a barrier layer interposed between a conductive plug and an oxidation resistant conductive layer and the method for fabricating the same. A thick insulative layer protects the sidewalls of the barrier layer during the deposition and anneal of a dielectric layer having a high dielectric constant.

The method comprises forming the conductive plug in a thick layer of insulative material such as oxide or oxide/nitride. The conductive plug is recessed from a planarized top surface of the thick insulative layer. The barrier layer is formed in the recess. The process is then continued with a formation of an oxidation resistant conductive layer and the patterning thereof to complete the formation of the storage node electrode.

Next a dielectric layer having a high dielectric constant is formed to overly the storage node electrode and a cell plate electrode is then fabricated to overly the dielectric layer.

Since the barrier layer is protected during the formation of the dielectric layer by both the oxidation resistant conductive layer and the thick insulative layer there is no oxidation of the barrier layer or the contact plug thereby maximizing capacitance of the storage node and reducing high contact resistance issues.

The invention includes a storage node capacitor having a storage node electrode comprising a barrier layer interposed between a conductive plug and an oxidation resistant conductive layer and the method for fabricating the same. A thick insulative layer protects the sidewall of the barrier layer during the deposition and anneal of a dielectric layer having a high dielectric constant

In one preferred implementation the method comprises forming the conductive plug in a thick layer of insulative material such as oxide or oxide/nitride. The conductive plug is recessed from a planarized top surface of the thick insulative layer. The barrier layer and the oxidation resistant layer are formed in the recess. A portion of the thick insulative material is removed to expose portions of the oxidation resistant layer. Remaining portions of the thick insulative material continue to encompass the barrier layer.

Next a dielectric layer having a relatively high dielectric constant is formed to overlie the storage node electrode and a cell plate electrode is then fabricated to overlie the dielectric layer. In this preferred implementation, since the barrier layer is protected during the formation of the dielectric layer by both the oxidation resistant conductive layer and the thick insulative layer there is little or no oxidation of the barrier layer or the contact plug, thereby maximizing capacitance of the storage node and reducing high contact resistance issues.

In one particular preferred embodiment, the barrier layer is tantalum or another material which experiences no oxidation during the formation of the storage cell capacitor. The oxidation resistant conductive layer is preferably a non-oxidizing conductive material such as platinum. The dielectric layer is preferably Ba_(x)Sr_((1-x))TiO₃ [BST].

The insulative layer and the oxidation resistant layer protect the barrier layer from oxidizing during the deposition and anneal of the BST thereby also eliminating oxidization of the conductive plug. By minimizing or eliminating oxidization of the barrier layer and the conductive plug capacitance is maximized.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a partially processed semiconductor wafer of the related art.

FIGS. 2-11 are cross-sectional views of a portion of a partially processed semiconductor wafer depicting the steps of the invention for fabricating a storage cell capacitor.

FIG. 2 depicts field-effect transistors overlying a silicon substrate and wordlines overlying field oxide.

FIG. 3 is the wafer portion of FIG. 2 following the deposit of an undoped thick oxide layer and planarization thereof.

FIG. 4 is the wafer portion of FIG. 3 following the masking and subsequent etching of the deposited oxide layer to form self-aligned openings.

FIG. 5 is the wafer portion of FIG. 4 following the formation of polysilicon plugs in the openings and the removal of the mask shown in FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is the wafer portion of FIG. 5 following the recessing of the polysilicon plug in the thick oxide layer.

FIGS. 7a and 7 b are wafer portions of FIG. 6 following the deposition of a tantalum layer.

FIGS. 8a and 8 b are wafer portions of FIGS. 7a and 7 b following the planarization of the tantalum layer.

FIGS. 9a and 9 b are wafer portions of FIGS. 8a and 8 b following the deposition of a platinum layer.

FIGS. 10a and 10 b are the wafer portions of FIG. 9a and 9 b following the etching of the platinum layer to complete the formation of the storage node.

FIGS. 11a and 11 b are wafer portions of FIGS. 10a and 10 b following the deposition of a BST dielectric layer and a cell plate layer and patterning of these layers to complete the formation of the storage cell capacitor.

FIG. 12 is the cross sectional view of FIG. 5 following the formation of a recess in the oxide layer.

FIG. 13 is the cross sectional view of FIG. 12 following the deposition of a barrier layer.

FIG. 14 is the cross sectional view of FIG. 13 following an etch back of the barrier layer.

FIG. 15 is the cross sectional view of FIG. 14 following a deposition of an oxidation resistant layer.

FIG. 16 is the cross sectional view of FIG. 15 following a further oxide deposit and the planarization of the oxide and the oxidation resistant layer.

FIG. 17 is the cross sectional view of FIG. 16 following an etch back of the oxide deposits.

FIG. 18 is the cross sectional view of FIG. 17 following formation of a dielectric layer and cell plate layer.

FIG. 19 is the cross sectional view of the capacitor made by the process described in steps 2-5 and 12-19.

FIG. 20 is the cross sectional view of FIG. 12 following the formation of a conductive layer.

FIG. 21 is the cross sectional view of FIG. 20 following removal of non silicide portions of the refractory metal (or metal nitride) layer.

FIG. 22 is the cross sectional view of FIG. 21 following the formation of a barrier layer.

FIG. 23 is the cross sectional view of FIG. 22 following an etch back of the barrier layer.

FIG. 24 is the cross sectional view of FIG. 23 following a deposition of an oxidation resistant layer.

FIG. 25 is the cross sectional view of FIG. 24 following a further oxide deposit and the planarization of the oxide and the oxidation resistant layer.

FIG. 26 is the cross sectional view of FIG. 25 following an etch back of the oxide deposits.

FIG. 27 is the cross sectional view of FIG. 26 following formation of a dielectric layer and cell plate layer.

FIG. 28 is the cross sectional view of the capacitor made by the process described in steps 2-5, 12, and 20-28.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The method for fabricating the storage cell capacitor of the invention is shown pictorially in FIGS. 2-11.

Referring to FIG. 2, a cross-sectional view of an in-process dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell is shown following conventional local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) or special LOCOS processing which creates substantially planar field oxide regions 5 (created using modified LOCOS or trench isolation processes) and future active areas 6 (those regions of the substrate not covered by field oxide) on a silicon substrate 7. The creation of the field oxide is preceded or followed by a thermally grown dielectric layer 8 of silicon oxide. The depicted cell is one of many cells that are fabricated simultaneously and comprise a memory array. Following the creation of the field oxide region 5 and dielectric layer 8 a first conductively doped polysilicon layer 10, a metal silicide layer (Wsi_(x)) 15, an oxide layer 16, and a thick nitride layer 20 are deposited. The thick nitride layer 20 will function as an etch stop during the storage node buried contact etch, thus allowing self-alignment if desired. The layers are patterned and etched to form wordlines 21 and N-channel (NCH) field effect transistors 22. The polysilicon layer 10 forms the gate regions of the FETs and is insulated from lightly-doped source/drain regions 25 by the dielectric layer 8. The lightly-doped regions 25 are created utilizing a phosphorus or arsenic implant. Deposition, densification and a reactive ion etch (RIE) of a silicon nitride spacer layer has created principal spacers 35 which offset an arsenic implant used to create the heavily-doped source/drain regions 30. Principal spacers 35 insulate the wordlines and FETs from subsequent digit line and capacitor fabrications. Eventually the wordlines are connected to periphery contacts. The periphery contacts are located at the end of the array and are capable of being in electrical communication with peripheral circuitry.

The formation of the FETs 22 and wordlines 21 as described are exemplary of one application to be used in conjunction with the present embodiment of the invention. Other methods of fabrication and other applications are also feasible and perhaps equally viable.

In FIG. 3 a thick insulative conformal layer of undoped oxide 40 is blanket deposited to fill the storage node areas and overlie the FETS 22 and wordlines 21. The oxide is undoped to minimize dopant out diffusion from the oxide 40 to the doped regions of the substrate. The oxide is planarized, preferably chemical mechanically planarized (CMP), in order to provide a uniform height. Optionally nitride, oxynitride or another suitable material may be deposited as the insulative layer.

At this juncture buried digit lines may be fabricated as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,073 herein incorporated by reference. In the case where the buried digit lines are formed by the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,073 the oxide 40 is deposited in two steps, one deposit prior to the digit line formation and one deposit subsequent to the digit line formation. In this case, an initial thick oxide layer is deposited and planarized and then overlaid with a relatively thick Si₃N₄ layer. The Si₃N₄ layer is then planarized. When the thick insulative layer is comprised only of oxide it is possible for oxygen to diffuse through the oxide. By overlying the oxide with Si₃N₄ it is possible to prohibit oxygen diffusion though the oxide.

Referring to FIG. 4, mask 53 defines self-aligned substrate contact area 55. The oxide 40 is etched to form a self-aligned openings 50 exposing the contact areas 55 of the substrate 7.

Referring to FIG. 5, in order to provide electrical communication between the substrate 7 and the storage cell capacitor a polysilicon plug 65 is formed in each opening 50. The actual method used to form the polysilicon plugs 65 is not critical, two options being a selective silicon growth from the contact area 55 or a doped polysilicon deposition and subsequent etch back or CMP back.

Referring now to FIG. 6, an upper portion of the polysilicon plugs 65 is removed during a dry etch in order to form a recesses 70, Typically, this etch back is 50 to 400 nano meters (nm). In a case where the polysilicon plugs 65 are formed during a selective silicon growth it is possible to form the recess 70 by controlling the growth.

Referring to FIG. 7a, a tantalum layer 75, with a thickness larger than the depth of the recesses 70, is formed by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or a sputtering process performed at room temperature. The tantalum layer 75 provides a barrier against silicon diffusion of the polysilicon plug during subsequent high temperature anneals and other materials capable of prohibiting silicon diffusion may be used in place of tantalum. For example, titanium and titanium nitride may be used as well as other materials. Alternately, a tantalum layer 75 may be formed wherein the thickness is less than or equal to the depth of the recess. FIG. 7b depicts the latter case. In this particular case the storage cell capacitor gains more vertical area thereby increasing capacitance.

Referring to FIGS. 8a and 8 b, the tantalum layer 75 of FIGS. 7a and 7 b, respectively, is planarized, preferably by CMP, in order to expose at least the oxide layer 40 and in order to retain tantalum 75 in recesses 70 overlying the polysilicon plugs 65. Portions of the oxide layer 40 may be planarized during this step. It is important, of course to retain a sufficient depth of tantalum 75 in order to inhibit silicon diffusion of the polysilicon plugs 65. It can be seen that only the upper surface of the tantalum layer 75 is exposed and that the tantalum sidewalls 80 are protected by the oxide layer 40.

Referring to FIGS. 9a and 9 b a platinum layer 85 is formed by CVD or a sputtering technique. The platinum layer 85 overlies the tantalum layer 75 shown in FIGS. 8a and 8 b, respectively. Since the platinum layer 85 is resistant to oxidation it provides an excellent surface for the deposition of the high dielectric constant material. Other materials which are resistant to oxidation may be used in place of the platinum. For example, RuO₂ and TiN, as well as other non-oxidizing materials may be used. Since the tantalum layer is recessed below the oxide layer 40, a thick layer of platinum may be deposited without decreasing the density of the device. By using very thick platinum electrodes, the capacitance area is increased by the sidewall area contribution. Therefore, the platinum is deposited from at least a thickness of 50 nm to a thickness of 1 micro meter(μm).

FIGS. 10a and 10 b depict the structure following the masking of the platinum layer 85 overlying the tantalum and the removal of unmasked portions of the platinum layer 85 to form the completed storage node electrode of the storage cell capacitor. Typically the storage node electrode is thought of as comprising the tantalum layer 75 and the platinum layer 85. The polysilicon plug 65 is often thought of as an electrical interconnect interposed between the substrate and the storage node electrode, although it can be thought of as a portion of the storage node itself.

FIGS. 11a and 11 b depict the storage cell capacitor a following a deposition and anneal of a dielectric layer 90 overlying the platinum layer 85 of FIGS. 10a and 10 b, respectively. The dielectric layer is typified as having a high dielectric constant. The storage cell capacitor fabrication is completed with the sputter or CVD of a 50 to 200 nm thick cell plate layer 95 to form a cell plate electrode. The cell plate layer 95 is typically Platinum, TiN or some other conductive material.

Among the suitable materials for a dielectric layer having a high dielectric constant are Ba_(x)Sr_((1-x))TiO₃ [BST], BaTiO₃, SrTiO₃, PbTiO₃, Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ [PZT], (Pb,La) (Zr,Ti)O₃ [PLZT], (Pb,La)TiO₃ [PLT], KNO₃, and LiNbO₃. In the applicant's invention BST is the preferred material and is deposited at a thickness range of 30 nm-300 nm by RF-magnetron sputtering or CVD. The tantalum layer 75 is not oxidized during the application of a high temperature anneal due to the fact that it is protected on its sidewalls 80 by the oxide layer 40 and that it is protected on its upper surface by the platinum layer 85, see FIG. 11. Therefore even after the formation of the dielectric layer the recess retains the original tantalum 75 formed therein and capacitance is not sacrificed as it would be when portions of the tantalum 75 are consumed by oxidation. Therefore capacitance is effectively increased over methods where portions of tantalum are oxidized.

The process can be continued or modified to accommodate the steps described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,073, previously incorporated by reference, for providing electrical interconnection between a plurality of capacitors thus formed.

By utilizing the method of the preferred embodiments of the invention, a high density memory device is provided featuring a stacked capacitor formed in a compact area as a result of a dielectric layer having a high dielectric constant and retention of storage node integrity during an anneal of the dielectric layer and the capability of depositing a very thick platinum layer as a portion of the first electrode.

Although a process and an alternate process have been described for forming the storage cell capacitor it is apparent the process is equally applicable for the fabrication of other types of capacitors used in integrated circuits. It should also be apparent to one skilled in the art that changes and modifications, such as deposition depths, may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as claimed.

In the crown embodiment of the invention the initial formation of the capacitor is accomplished according to the steps depicted in FIGS. 2-5 and described in reference to FIGS. 2-5. The process continues with steps 12-19. Layers corresponding to similar layers of the previous embodiments shall be numbered the same.

Referring now to FIG. 12, an upper portion of each polysilicon plug 65 is removed during a dry etch in order to form recesses 70. Typically, this etch back is 50 to 400 nano meters (nm). In a case where the polysilicon plugs 65 are formed during a selective silicon growth it is possible to form the recess 70 by controlling the growth.

Referring to FIG. 13, a tantalum layer 75 is formed by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or a sputtering process, which may be performed at room temperate. The tantalum layer 75 provides a barrier against silicon diffusion of the polysilicon plug during subsequent high temperature anneals. Other materials capable of prohibiting silicon diffusion may be used in place of tantalum such as, for example: titanium nitride, TaN, Ti, RuO₂, and Ru.

Referring to FIG. 14, the tantalum layer 75 shown in FIG. 7 is etched back in order to expose the oxide layer 40 and in order to retain tantalum 75 in recesses 70 overlying the polysilicon plugs 65. The tantalum layer 75 should be recessed below a top surface of the exposed oxide layer 40. The etch back may be preceded by a planarization to remove the tantalum overlying the oxide layer 40. Portions of the oxide layer 40 may be planarized during this step. The thickness of the initial tantalum layer 75 is preferably such that after the etch back/planarization or the etch back the portion of the tantalum layer 75 retained in the recess 70 has a depth sufficient to inhibit silicon diffusion of the polysilicon plugs 65. It can be seen that at this juncture of the process only the upper surface of the tantalum layer 75 is exposed and the tantalum sidewall 80 is protected by the oxide layer 40.

Referring now to FIG. 15, a platinum layer 85 is formed by CVD or a sputtering technique. The platinum layer 85 overlies the tantalum layer 75. Since the platinum layer 85 is resistant to oxidation it provides an excellent surface for the deposition of the high dielectric constant material. Other materials which are resistant to oxidation may be used in place of the platinum. For example, RuO₂ and TiN, as well as other non-oxidizing materials may be used. In this embodiment of the invention the platinum layer 85 is relatively thin, approximately 50 nm thick, although other thicknesses may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The thickness of the platinum should be great enough to substantially protect the tantalum layer 75 against oxidation during BST deposition.

In FIG. 16 oxide 86 is deposited into the recess 70, and the structure is planarized to remove portions of the platinum layer 85 overlying the oxide layer 40.

In FIG. 17 the oxide layers 40 and 86 have been etched to expose a vertical sidewall of the platinum layer 85 and the upper surface of the platinum layer 85. It is necessary to retain a sufficient quantity of oxide 40 at the lower sidewall of platinum layer 85 to eliminate the possibility of oxidizing the tantalum layer 75. In order to retain sufficient oxide 40 while at the same time exposing the upper surface of the platinum layer 85 the densification of the oxide 86 must be less than the densification of oxide 40 in order for the oxide layer 86 to etch at a faster rate than the oxide layer 40.

Now the fabrication of the crown embodiment the storage node electrode is complete. Although the polysilicon plug 65 is often thought of as an electrical interconnect interposed between the substrate and the storage node electrode, it can be thought of as a portion of the storage node electrode itself.

FIG. 18 depicts initial formation of the storage cell capacitor following a deposition and anneal of a dielectric layer 90 overlying the platinum layer 85. The dielectric layer 90 is typified as having a high dielectric constant. The storage cell capacitor fabrication is completed with the sputter or CVD of a 50 to 200 nm thick cell plate layer 95 to form a cell plate electrode. The cell plate layer 95 is typically platinum, TiN or some other conductive material.

Following the deposition of the dielectric layer 90 and the cell plate layer 95 the storage cell capacitor is patterned and the cell plate layer 95 and the dielectric layer 90 are etched to complete the fabrication of the storage cell capacitor as shown in FIG. 19.

Among the suitable materials for a dielectric layer having a high dielectric constant are Ba_(x)Sr_((1-x))TiO₃ [BST], BaTiO₃, SrTiO₃, PbTiO₃, Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ [PZT], (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O₃ [PLZT], (Pb,La)TiO₃ [PLT], KNO₃, and LiNbO₃. In currently envisioned embodiments BST is the preferred material and is deposited at a thickness range of 30 nm-300 nm by RF-magnetron sputtering or CVD. The tantalum layer 75 is not oxidized during the application of a high temperature anneal due to the fact that it is protected on its sidewall by the oxide layer 40 and that it is protected on its upper surface by the platinum layer 85.

The process can be continued or modified to accommodate the steps described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,073, previously incorporated by reference, for providing electrical interconnection between a plurality of capacitors thus formed.

By utilizing the method of the invention, a high density memory device is provided featuring a stacked capacitor formed in a compact area as a result of a dielectric layer having a high dielectric constant. The stacked capacitor of the invention retains storage node integrity during an anneal of the dielectric layer.

In an alternate embodiment of the crown embodiment, the deposition of the tantalum layer is preceded by a deposition of a titanium barrier layer 100, see FIG. 20. A thermal anneal is performed. The titanium in contact with the polysilicon plug reacts with the polysilicon to form titanium silicide during the anneal. It is possible to perform the anneal in nitrogen. In this case the titanium still reacts with the polysilicon to form titanium silicide, and the titanium which is not in contact with the polysilicon plug r with the nitrogen to form TiN. In addition a thin layer of nitrogen is formed overlying the titanium silicide.

In addition to titanium, other metals including refractory metals may be used. These refractory metals may include W, Co, Ta, and Mo.

Alternately a metal nitride, such as TiN, may be deposited instead of a refractory metal. The refractory metal and the metal nitride are both capable of reacting with the polysilicon plug to form a silicide during an anneal.

Referring now to FIG. 21, non-silicide layer (the unreacted titanium, in the case of a non-nitrogen anneal, or TiN formed during the nitrogen anneal) and the thin layer of nitrogen formed overlying the titanium silicide 105 have been removed during a wet etch. The titanium silicide 105 overlying the polysilicon plug is retained during the etch.

The process is continued as shown in FIGS. 22-28 and the process corresponds to the process described with respect to FIGS. 13-19, respectively, of the previous embodiment with the exception that the barrier layer 75 is TiN in the present embodiment rather than tantalum which was used in the previous embodiment. However, tantalum TaN, Ti, RuO₂, and Ru may be used

The titanium silicide layer 105 lowers a contact resistance between the polysilicon plug 65 and the TiN layer 75.

The TiN layer 75 provides a barrier against silicon diffusion of the polysilicon plug and the titanium silicide layer during subsequent high temperature anneals.

Although a process has been described for forming the storage cell capacitor, it is apparent the process is equally applicable for the fabrication of other types of capacitors used in integrated circuits. It should also be apparent to one skilled in the art that changes and modifications, such as deposition depths, may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as claimed. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An electrode comprising: a) a first portion formed in an insulative layer having an upper surface; b) a second portion overlying the first portion, wherein said insulative layer surrounds a sidewall of said second portion and said second portion does not extend above the upper surface; and c) a third portion overlying said second portion and, extending above and below said upper surface of said insulative layer, and including a recess, wherein said first portion and said second portion are different materials, wherein said first portion is a silicon contact.
 2. The electrode as specified in claim 1, wherein said second portion and said third portion are different materials.
 3. The electrode as specified in claim 2, wherein the said first portion and the said third portion are different materials.
 4. An electrode comprising: a) a first portion formed in an insulative layer having an upper surface; b) a second portion overlying the first portion, wherein said insulative layer surrounds a sidewall of said second portion and said second portion does not extend above the upper surface; and c) a third portion overlying said second portion and, extending above and below said upper surface of said insulative layer, and including a recess, wherein said first portion and said second portion are different materials, wherein said second portion is a diffusion barrier layer prohibiting diffusion of atoms between said first and said third portions.
 5. An electrode comprising: a) a first portion formed in an insulative layer having an upper surface; b) a second portion overlying the first portion, wherein said insulative layer surrounds a sidewall of said second portion and said second portion does not extend above the upper surface; and c) a third portion overlying said second portion and, extending above and below said upper surface of said insulative layer, and including a recess, wherein said first portion and said second portion are different materials, wherein said third portion is an oxidation resistant layer.
 6. The electrode as specified in claim 5, wherein said insulative layer surrounds a lower sidewall of said third portion.
 7. A dynamic random access memory device comprising: a capacitor including an electrode which comprises; a) a first portion formed in an insulative layer having an upper surface; b) a second portion overlying the first portion, wherein said insulative layer surrounds a sidewall of said second portion and said second portion does not extend above said upper surface; c) a third portion overlying said second portion and, extending above and below said upper surface of said insulative layer, and including a recess, wherein said first portion and said second portion are different materials; d) a dielectric layer overlying said third portion; and e) a cell plate electrode overlying said dielectric layer.
 8. The dynamic random access memory device as specified in claim 7, wherein said second portion and said third portion are different materials.
 9. The dynamic random access memory device as specified in claim 8, wherein said first portion and said third portion are different materials.
 10. The dynamic random access memory device as specified in claim 7, further comprising a transistor.
 11. An electrode comprising: a) a contact formed in an insulative layer having an upper surface; b) a diffusion barrier portion overlying said contact, said insulative layer surrounding a sidewall of said diffusion barrier portion and said diffusion barrier portion not extending above said upper surface; and c) an oxidation resistant portion overlying said diffusion barrier portion and, extending above and below said upper surface of said insulative layer, and including a recess, said diffusion barrier portion configured to inhibit diffusion of atoms between said contact and said oxidation resistant portion.
 12. An electrode comprising: a) a first portion formed in an insulative layer having an upper surface; b) a second portion overlying the first portion, wherein said insulative layer surrounds a sidewall of said second portion and said second portion does not extend above the upper surface; and c) a third portion overlying said second portion, extending above and below said upper surface of said insulative layer, and including a recess, wherein said first portion and said second portion respectively consist essentially of polysilicon and tantalum.
 13. The electrode as specified in claim 12, wherein said third portion consist essentially of platinum.
 14. An electrode comprising: a) a first portion formed in an insulative layer having an upper surface; b) a second portion overlying the first portion and having a sidewall substantially flush with the upper surface; and c) a third portion overlying the second portion, extending above and below the upper surface of the insulative layer, and including a recess, wherein the first portion and the second portion are different materials and the first portion is a silicon contact.
 15. The electrode of claim 14, wherein the second portion and the third portion are different materials.
 16. The electrode of claim 14, wherein the second portion is a diffusion barrier layer.
 17. An electrode comprising: a) a first portion formed in an insulative layer having an upper surface; b) a second portion overlying the first portion and having a sidewall substantially flush with the upper surface; and c) a third portion overlying the second portion, extending above and below the upper surface of the insulative layer, and including a recess, wherein the first portion and the second portion are different materials and the third portion is an oxidation resistant layer.
 18. The electrode of claim 17, wherein the insulative layer surrounds a sidewall of the third portion.
 19. The electrode of claim 17, wherein the insulative layer surrounds the sidewall of the second portion.
 20. A dynamic random access memory device comprising: a capacitor including an electrode which comprises: a) a first portion formed in an insulative layer having an upper surface; b) a second portion overlying the first portion and having a sidewall substantially flush with the upper surface, wherein the first portion and the second portion are different materials; a third portion overlying the second portion and, extending above and below the upper surface of the insulative layer, and including a recess; and d) a dielectric layer overlying the third portion; and e) a cell plate electrode overlying the dielectric layer.
 21. The dynamic random access memory device as specified in claim 20, wherein the second portion and the third portion are different materials.
 22. The dynamic random access memory device as specified in claim 20, wherein the first portion and the third portion are different materials.
 23. The dynamic random access memory device as specified in claim 20 further comprising a transistor.
 24. The electrode of claim 20, wherein the first portion contacts the second portion, and the second portion contact the third portion.
 25. The electrode of claim 20, wherein the insulative layer surrounds the sidewall of the second portion.
 26. An electrode comprising: a) a contact formed in an insulative layer having an upper surface; b) a diffusion barrier portion overlying the contact and having a sidewall substantially flush with the upper surface; and c) an oxidation resistant portion overlying the diffusion barrier portion and, extending above and below the upper surface, and including a recess, the diffusion barrier portion configured to inhibit diffusion of atoms between the contact and the oxidation resistant portion.
 27. The electrode of claim 26, wherein the contact contacts the diffusion barrier portion, and the diffusion barrier portion contacts the oxidation resistant portion.
 28. An electrode comprising: a) a first portion formed in an insulative layer having an upper surface; b) a second portion overlying the first portion and having a sidewall substantially flush with the upper surface; c) a third portion overlying the second portion, extending above and below the upper surface, and including a recess, wherein the first portion and the second portion respectively consist essentially of polysilicon and tantalum.
 29. The electrode as specified in claim 28, wherein the third portion consist essentially of platinum.
 30. The electrode of claim 28, wherein the first portion contacts the second portion, and the second portion contacts the third portion. 